Proteins (RCH(NH2)COOH)

Proteins (RCH(NH2)COOH)

Definition: Proteins (RCH(NH2)COOH) are large, complex molecules made up of long chains of amino acids. They play critical roles in the body, serving as the building blocks of tissues and performing a wide range of functions essential for life, including catalyzing biochemical reactions, transporting molecules, and supporting immune responses.

Functions of Proteins

• Structural Support:

• Proteins such as collagen and keratin provide structural integrity to cells and tissues, contributing to the strength and elasticity of skin, hair, and connective tissues.

• Enzymatic Activity:

• Many proteins function as enzymes that catalyze biochemical reactions, speeding up processes necessary for metabolism and cellular function.

• Transport and Storage:

• Proteins like hemoglobin transport oxygen in the blood, while others store essential nutrients (e.g., ferritin stores iron).

• Immune Response:

• Antibodies are specialized proteins that help identify and neutralize foreign invaders like bacteria and viruses.

• Hormonal Regulation:

• Some proteins act as hormones (e.g., insulin) that regulate physiological processes, including metabolism and growth.

Clinical Significance

• Protein Deficiency:

• Insufficient protein intake can lead to malnutrition, muscle wasting, and weakened immune response.

• Genetic Disorders:

• Mutations in genes encoding proteins can cause diseases such as cystic fibrosis or sickle cell anemia.

• Biomarkers for Disease:

• Certain proteins serve as biomarkers for diseases (e.g., prostate-specific antigen for prostate cancer), aiding in diagnosis and monitoring.

Measurement of Proteins

• Protein Testing: Various laboratory tests can measure protein levels in blood or urine to assess nutritional status, organ function, or disease presence.

Conclusion

Proteins are fundamental macromolecules essential for various biological functions. Understanding their roles, structures, and clinical significance is crucial for advancing health sciences and medicine.

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References

1. Berg JM, Tymoczko JL, Stryer L. “Biochemistry.” 8th ed. W.H. Freeman; 2015.
2. Kearney M, et al. “Myoglobin: A Review.” Clinical Chemistry. 2009; 55(5): 893-902. DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2008.114818
3. Raghavan M, et al. “Protein Misfolding Diseases: A Review.” Journal of Clinical Medicine. 2020; 9(4): 1136. DOI: 10.3390/jcm9041136