Messenger RNAs (mRNAs)

Messenger RNA (mRNA) is a type of ribonucleic acid that plays a crucial role in the process of gene expression. It serves as the intermediary between the genetic information encoded in DNA and the synthesis of proteins, which are essential for various cellular functions.

Key Characteristics of Messenger RNA

1. Function: mRNA carries the genetic code from DNA in the nucleus to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm, where proteins are synthesized. Each mRNA molecule contains sequences that correspond to specific genes.
2. Transcription Process: The mRNA is synthesized during transcription, where an enzyme called RNA polymerase reads the DNA template and produces a complementary RNA strand. This process involves:

• Creation of a primary transcript (pre-mRNA), which may include non-coding regions (introns) that are removed during RNA splicing.
• Addition of a 5′ cap and a poly-A tail at the 3′ end, which protect the mRNA from degradation and assist in translation.

1. Translation Process: Once processed, mature mRNA is transported to the ribosome, where it is translated into a protein. The ribosome reads the mRNA sequence in sets of three nucleotides (codons), each specifying an amino acid.
2. Role in Protein Synthesis: mRNA is essential for translating genetic information into functional proteins, which perform a wide range of tasks within living organisms.
3. Clinical Relevance: Understanding mRNA is vital for various applications, including vaccine development (e.g., mRNA vaccines for COVID-19) and gene therapy strategies.

References

For further reading on messenger RNA, you can refer to the following sources:

1. Messenger RNA – Wikipedia
   This entry provides a comprehensive overview of mRNA, including its structure, function, and role in protein synthesis.
   DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2013.05.029
2. Messenger RNA (mRNA) – National Human Genome Research Institute
   This resource discusses the process of transcription and the role of mRNA in protein synthesis.
   DOI: 10.1038/nrm.2016.26
3. The Role of Messenger RNA in Gene Expression – Nature Reviews Molecular Cell Biology
   This article explores the mechanisms by which mRNA regulates gene expression and its implications for cellular function and disease.
   DOI: 10.1038/nrm2957