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Cardiac Function

Cardiac Function: Understanding Key Parameters and Indices

Cardiac function refers to the heart‘s ability to pump blood efficiently throughout the body. It is evaluated using various indices that assess both systolic and diastolic functions.

Key Parameters of Cardiac Function

1. Cardiac Output (CO):
   The volume of blood the heart pumps per minute. It is calculated as the product of stroke volume (SV) and heart rate (HR): CO = SV × HR. Normal cardiac output is approximately 5 L/min for a healthy adult5.
2. Cardiac Index (CI):
   Adjusts cardiac output for body size, expressed as L/min/m². The normal range is between 2.6 and 4.2 L/min/m²26.
3. Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction (EF):
   Measures the percentage of blood ejected from the left ventricle with each contraction. A normal EF is typically between 55% and 70%3.
4. Left Ventricular Fractional Shortening (%FS):
   An index of systolic function, calculated as the difference between end-diastolic and end-systolic dimensions divided by the end-diastolic dimension. Normal values range from 30% to 50%1.
5. Mean Velocity of Circumferential Fiber Shortening (mVcf):
   Assesses myocardial systolic function by correcting %FS with ejection time. Normal values are between 0.9 and 2.0 circ/sec1.
6. Tei Index (Myocardial Performance Index):
   A comprehensive index that evaluates both systolic and diastolic functions. It is calculated as the sum of isovolumic contraction time (ICT) and isovolumic relaxation time (IRT) divided by ejection time (ET). Normal values are approximately 0.28 ± 0.04 for the right ventricle and 0.38 ± 0.04 for the left ventricle1.

Conclusion

Understanding cardiac function indices is crucial for diagnosing and managing heart conditions. These parameters help clinicians assess the heart’s efficiency in pumping blood and guide treatment decisions.

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References

1. JSUM: Standard Measurement of Cardiac Function Indexes
   Discusses left ventricular systolic and diastolic function indices.
2. CV Physiology: Cardiac Function Introduction
   Explains cardiac output and cardiac index calculations.
3. CMU: Cardiac Function
   Lists parameters like stroke volume and ejection fraction.
4. ASECHO: Chamber Quantification Summary
   Discusses right ventricular function assessment using TAPSE and MPI.
5. NCBI Bookshelf: Cardiac Function
   Provides an overview of cardiac output in healthy individuals.
6. StatPearls: Cardiac Index
   Explains the role of the cardiac index in normalizing cardiac output for body size.
7. Physiology: Normal Ranges of Cardiovascular Parameters
   Lists normal ranges for mean arterial pressure and heart rate across different age groups.