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Cardiac Arrest (CA)

Cardiac Arrest (CA): Understanding Causes, Symptoms, and Treatment Options

Cardiac arrest (CA) is a life-threatening condition where the heart suddenly stops beating, disrupting blood flow to vital organs. Prompt medical intervention is crucial for survival and preventing long-term damage.

Causes

Cardiac arrest often results from electrical disturbances in the heart, such as arrhythmias, which can be triggered by various factors:

• Coronary Artery Disease: The most common cause, leading to heart attacks that disrupt heart rhythm.
• Structural Heart Damage: Conditions like cardiomyopathy or valve problems.
• Inherited Arrhythmias: Conditions such as long QT syndrome.
• Non-Cardiac Causes: Respiratory arrest, drug overdose, or severe trauma.

Symptoms

Symptoms of cardiac arrest include:

• Sudden Collapse: Loss of consciousness.
• No Breathing: Absence of breathing or abnormal gasping.
• No Pulse: Inability to detect a pulse.
• Chest Pain: May precede cardiac arrest.
• Dizziness and Fatigue: Warning signs in some cases.

Treatment

Treatment involves immediate restoration of blood circulation:

1. Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR): Essential for maintaining blood flow until medical help arrives.
2. Defibrillation: Uses electrical shocks to restore a normal heartbeat.
3. Advanced Cardiac Life Support (ACLS): Includes medications like epinephrine and vasopressors.
4. Post-Resuscitation Care: Focuses on identifying and treating the underlying cause, managing temperature, and optimizing organ perfusion.

Post-Resuscitation Care

After successful resuscitation, care includes:

• Targeted Temperature Management: Maintaining normothermia or mild hypothermia to reduce brain injury.
• Coronary Angiography: For patients with suspected myocardial infarction.
• Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillators (ICDs): Prevents future episodes by automatically correcting arrhythmias.

Conclusion

Cardiac arrest requires immediate intervention to restore blood flow and prevent organ damage. Understanding its causes and symptoms is crucial for early recognition and treatment.

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References

1. Cardiac Arrest Overview – MSD Manuals
2. Cardiac Arrest – Wikipedia
3. Cardiac Arrest Treatment – Johns Hopkins Medicine
4. Sudden Cardiac Arrest – Mayo Clinic
5. Sudden Cardiac Arrest Symptoms – Mayo Clinic
6. Cardiac Arrest Symptoms – Cleveland Clinic
7. Cardiac Arrest Symptoms – NHLBI
8. Cardiac Arrest Signs and Symptoms – Heart Foundation NZ