Basophil (Baso)

Basophil (Baso)

Definition: Basophil (Baso) is a type of white blood cell (WBC) and is one of the least common types of granulocytes in the bloodstream. They play a crucial role in the immune response, particularly in allergic reactions and parasitic infections.

Characteristics of Basophil (Baso)

• Morphology: Basophils have a bi-lobed nucleus and large granules that stain dark blue or purple with basic dyes, such as methylene blue or toluidine blue.
• Lifespan: They typically circulate in the blood for a few hours to a few days before migrating into tissues.

Functions of Basophils

• Release of Mediators:

• Basophils contain granules filled with histamine, heparin, and other inflammatory mediators. Upon activation, they degranulate, releasing these substances into the surrounding tissue.

• Role in Allergic Reactions:

• Basophils are involved in immediate hypersensitivity reactions (e.g., anaphylaxis) by releasing histamine, which increases vascular permeability and causes smooth muscle contraction, leading to symptoms such as swelling and bronchoconstriction.

• Activation of Other Immune Cells:

• Through the release of cytokines (e.g., IL-4, IL-13), basophils can help activate T cells and promote the differentiation of B cells into antibody-producing plasma cells.

• Defense Against Parasites:

• Basophils contribute to the immune response against parasitic infections, particularly helminths (worms), by promoting inflammation and recruiting other immune cells to the site of infection.

Activation of Basophils

• Chemotaxis: Basophils are attracted to sites of inflammation or infection by chemokines released from other immune cells or damaged tissues.
• Receptor Engagement: Activation occurs through various receptors, including IgE receptors (FcεRI), which bind to allergen-specific IgE antibodies.

Clinical Relevance

• Allergic Disorders: Elevated basophil counts can be associated with allergic conditions such as asthma, hay fever, and food allergies.
• Chronic Inflammation: Basophils may contribute to chronic inflammatory conditions by perpetuating immune responses.
• Basophilia: An increase in basophil numbers can occur in certain myeloproliferative disorders and chronic inflammatory diseases.

Conclusion

Basophils are important players in the immune system, particularly in allergic responses and defense against parasites. Understanding their functions and mechanisms is essential for diagnosing and treating allergic conditions and other immune-related disorders.

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References

1. Sokol CL, et al. “Basophils: A new player in the allergic response.” Nature Reviews Immunology. 2009; 9(1): 1-11. DOI: 10.1038/nri2486
2. Weller PF, et al. “Basophils: Biology and role in health and disease.” Nature Reviews Immunology. 2006; 6(11): 974-985. DOI: 10.1038/nri1985
3. Galli SJ, et al. “The development of mast cells and basophils.” Nature Reviews Immunology. 2005; 5(6): 421-431. DOI: 10.1038/nri1644