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Angina Pectoris (AP)

Angina Pectoris: Understanding Symptoms, Causes, and Treatment

Angina pectoris, commonly referred to as angina, is a condition characterized by temporary chest pain or discomfort due to reduced blood flow to the heart muscle. It is often a symptom of coronary artery disease (CAD), where the arteries supplying blood to the heart become narrowed or blocked, typically due to atherosclerosis123.

Symptoms of Angina Pectoris

1. Chest Pain:
   Described as a pressing, squeezing, or crushing sensation, usually felt under the breastbone. It may radiate to the arms, neck, jaw, or back34.
2. Other Symptoms:
   Include shortness of breath, weakness, fatigue, and nausea24.
3. Duration and Triggers:
   Stable angina typically occurs during physical exertion or stress and lasts a few minutes, relieved by rest or medication like nitroglycerin15. Unstable angina is unpredictable, occurs at rest, and can be more severe and prolonged6.

Causes of Angina Pectoris

1. Coronary Artery Disease (CAD):
   Narrowing or blockage of coronary arteries due to atherosclerosis is the most common cause12.
2. Other Causes:
   Include coronary artery spasm (variant angina), microvascular angina, and poor heart valve function4.

Treatment and Management

1. Lifestyle Changes:
   Healthy diet, regular exercise, weight management, and smoking cessation are recommended35.
2. Medications:
   Nitroglycerin for immediate relief, beta-blockers to reduce heart rate, and statins to lower cholesterol38.
3. Procedures:
   Angioplasty and stenting or coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) may be necessary for severe cases28.

Conclusion

Angina pectoris is a warning sign of potential heart disease, requiring prompt medical evaluation and management to prevent serious complications like heart attacks.

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References

1. MSD Manuals: Angina Pectoris
   Discusses symptoms, etiology, and management of angina pectoris.
2. RadiologyInfo: Angina Pectoris
   Highlights diagnostic tests and treatment options for angina.
3. Johns Hopkins Medicine: Angina Pectoris
   Explains symptoms and treatment strategies for angina.
4. University of Rochester Medical Center: Angina Pectoris
   Discusses causes, including coronary artery disease and spasm.
5. NHS: Angina
   Emphasizes lifestyle changes and medical treatments for managing angina.
6. Mayo Clinic: Angina
   Describes stable and unstable angina, highlighting their differences.
7. Gleneagles: Angina Pectoris
   Lists symptoms and causes of angina pectoris.
8. Cleveland Clinic: Angina
   Discusses symptoms, causes, and treatment options for angina.