Androgens(A)

Androgens(A)

Definition: Androgens(A) are a group of hormones that play a role in male traits and reproductive activity. They are often referred to as male hormones, although they are present in both males and females. The most well-known androgen is testosterone.

Functions of Androgens

Development of Male Characteristics:

• Androgens are responsible for the development of male secondary sexual characteristics during puberty, including facial hair, deepening of the voice, and increased muscle mass.

Regulation of Reproductive Functions:

• They play a crucial role in sperm production and overall male fertility.

Muscle and Bone Health:

• Androgens promote muscle growth and strength, as well as bone density, reducing the risk of osteoporosis.

Mood and Behavior:

• Androgens can influence mood, aggression, and libido. Low levels of testosterone have been associated with depression and reduced sexual desire.

Sources of Androgens

• Testes: In males, androgens are primarily produced in the testes.
• Adrenal Glands: Both males and females produce androgens in the adrenal glands, although in smaller amounts compared to the testes.
• Ovaries: In females, the ovaries also produce androgens, which are important for various bodily functions.

Regulation of Androgen Levels

• Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Gonadal (HPG) Axis:
• The production of androgens is regulated by the HPG axis. The hypothalamus releases gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), stimulating the pituitary gland to secrete luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), which in turn stimulate androgen production in the testes or ovaries.

Clinical Relevance

• Hormonal Imbalances: Abnormal levels of androgens can lead to various health issues, such as polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) in women, characterized by elevated androgen levels leading to irregular menstrual cycles and other symptoms.
• Androgen Deficiency: Low testosterone levels in men can result in symptoms such as fatigue, reduced libido, depression, and loss of muscle mass.
• Anabolic Steroids: Synthetic derivatives of testosterone are sometimes misused for performance enhancement in sports, leading to potential health risks.

Conclusion

Androgens are critical hormones that influence male physical characteristics, reproductive functions, and overall health. Understanding their roles is essential for diagnosing and managing related hormonal disorders.

References

1. Bhasin S, et al. “Testosterone Therapy in Men with Hypogonadism: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline.” The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2010; 95(6): 2536-2559. DOI: 10.1210/jc.2009-2354
2. Rosenfield RL. “Clinical review: The polycystic ovary syndrome.” The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2000; 85(5): 1997-2006. DOI: 10.1210/jcem.85.5.6612
3. Handelsman DJ, et al. “Semen Analysis: A New Approach to Assessing Male Fertility.” The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 2018; 103(4): 1378-1386. DOI: 10.1210/jc.2017-02259